1.  You're not organized

It's easier to concentrate on the task at hand when you have set aside specific times for your other tasks.

If you're not organized, then you always seem to have too many things to do and you can't get going on any of them.

• Write down all of the academic tasks you have to do, breaking them into their component smaller steps wherever possible.
• Every weekend, make a realistic plan for the upcoming week.
• Every night, make a realistic plan for the next day. Don't make your plans too ambitious, or you will always be failing to get through your list. 
• Success feels better than failure, so plan accordingly.

2.  You're procrastinating

So you get organized and you set up a schedule, but you keep avoiding your work and finding other things to do. Now what?

• Re-visit your motivations. Remember, the current task is related to the course, which is related to the program which you chose, which is related to larger issues of what you want in life. You don't have to have everything figured out, but remembering the big picture can help you get going. "I want to do this" is a much healthier attitude than "I should do this".
• Develop a sense of progress. Break your study task down into bite-sized chunks. Each time you sit down to work, set an objective for that study session, enjoy the accomplishment of getting it done, and do something fun to reward yourself for making progress.
• Don't get sucked into perfectionism or fear of failure. Just emphasize what you know, what you want to know, and what you want to express. Do your best, but don't waste energy on impossible ideals.
• Don't get too isolated in your studies. Talk about the material with instructors, friends and other students.

Take a survey of your work environment.

• Privacy - Find ways to eliminate unwanted interruptions.
• Noise - Too much or too little can both be problems.
• Air Quality - How's the ventilation?
• Temperature - Is it too high or low?
• Comfort - Watch your posture and support. Avoid drowse-inducing positions.
• Clutter - Get everything off your desk except the work that you're doing.

Your course material should hang together in a coherent pattern. If it seems like thousands of disjointed bits of information, then it will be far more difficult to remember, and you'll have far more difficulty concentrating.

Can you take a blank piece of paper, right now, and write down the structure of your courses? If not, then you should spend some time getting the big picture, because you are like a traveler with no map.

• Take your course outline and make a conceptual "map" of the main units in the entire course.
• For each chapter or unit covered, make a smaller map of the topics it contains.
• As you follow the course, keep track of where you are on the map, and anticipate what is coming.
• When you see the pattern of the course, your comprehension and concentration will improve.

Remember, the mind and the body are not two separate things. To improve your concentration, get to know your own physiology better.

• Nutrition - It's harder to concentrate when you're operating on coffee, smokes, and junk food.
• Sleep - It's said that most people in our society are sleep-deprived to some extent. If this includes you, then your concentration is worse than it could be.
• Time of day - People have differing patterns of high and low energy throughout the day. Know your own patterns and plan your work accordingly.
• Exercise - A good workout sharpens the mind. If you skip out on exercise because of time restraints, your concentration will probably suffer.
• Drugs - Whether prescription, over-the-counter, recreational or just your morning coffee, drugs affect your concentration. Again, it is a matter of your own physiology, so pay attention and understand what effects they have on you.

Think of concentration as presence of mind. When your mind is jumping from one topic to another, it is typically a case of ideas and images from the past and the future impinging on the present. When these distracting extra thoughts come to you, what can you do?

In some cases, personal issues need to be addressed before you can concentrate properly. If so, you should think them through, talk to a friend or see a counselor through student services. Under more normal circumstances, however, you can improve your concentration with a bit of practice.

When distracting thoughts arise, you can follow them, but this can lead to aimless mental wandering. You can try to shut them out, but they'll probably just keep nagging you. Your best strategy may be to relax and let them fall away by themselves.

• With practice, you can learn to drop extra ideas before they pull your attention away from the present activity.
• To ground yourself and achieve presence of mind, it is also helpful to pay attention to your breathing. Regular, deep breathing helps to re-unite your mind and your body, and brings you back to the present.

Both of these tips address what you can do in the moment when concentration is eluding you, but you can also engage in practices which, over the longer term, develop your ability to concentrate. Here are some suggestions:

• Meditation helps bring about a calm but alert mind, which is the basis for concentration.
• Yoga, Tai Chi, and other such practices are, in a sense, meditation with movement.
• Arts, crafts and music are good practices for focusing the mind, and can thus be helpful in improving concentration.
• Exercise and sports can bring about that same alertness and presence of mind.

Choose the techniques that suit you the best, and be aware of how the ability to focus and achieve presence of mind in daily activities is transferable to your academic pursuits.